Lubna Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lubna - Case Study Example Its capacity to concentrate on to proceed to move and extend itself without really confronting any protection from change is its primary characteristic in making this degree of progress. Good examples offer genuine instances of how extraordinary individuals really achieve things and what attributes and qualities they depict when completing their jobs and obligations. Female good examples might be required more in a general public like Saudi Arabia which is a nearby society and better and progressively improved investment by ladies can urge other ladies to turn out to be a piece of the standard society as well. It is in any case, essential to take note of that both male and female good examples are required for Saudi Arabian culture to push forward in positive way. The association culture during the hours of Olyan depended on difficult work and commitment while keeping up the demeanor of doing things any other way. The general authoritative structure subsequently was planned in a way to assign work and enable representatives to take part in difficult work and create uprightness. The significant bit of leeway of such authoritative structure is that it enables representatives to face challenges and become responsible for what they do. For instance, utilization of incorporated correspondence and data innovation to associate representatives of Olyan Group at worldwide level shows the capacity of the hierarchical structure to really create ability and responsibility while simultaneously encourage collaboration and designation. Under Lubna’s initiative, the general hierarchical structure has stayed pretty much same be that as it may; there has been an emotional change in the authoritative culture. The way of life has gotten progressively open and enabling with center around obliging ladies and dedicated workers. One essential change in the manner Group was composed was to rebuild the structure in a way to accomplish deftness. This new structure permits association to react to new changes in increasingly fast way and with greater deftness in center. It is be that as it may, basic to

Classical and Structural Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Old style and Structural Realism - Essay Example This paper expects to talk about and break down Classical and Structural Realism. It thoroughly analyzes these two parts of Realism. With the utilization of significant models and suitable examination, it is trusted that the distinctions and likenesses between the two can be completely talked about. In this examination, the US conduct was utilized as a model because of the way that it is the world’s solitary superpower and is in this manner the primary on-screen character in the play called universal relations. Before examining Classical and Structural Realism, it is suitable and appropriate to initially characterize what Realism is. This methodology gives an objective and sensible perspective on how universal undertakings are acted. It depends in transit things are done and not in transit things ought to be finished. The manner in which it sees the world’s worldwide undertakings uses that of a logical technique †in light of realities and not in theoretical thought s, in view of the investigation of the causes and outcomes of the occasions. It is legitimate and not fanciful. Machiavelli caught the substance of Realism with the accompanying proclamation. A case of a worldwide occasion that is seen as utilizing the â€Å"imaginary† and â€Å"utopian† approach is that of the Kellogg â€Briand Pact which prohibited further wars. This was a result of the harsh experience of World War I. The defenders ridiculously expected that war could never happen again and that the signatories would conform to what they have settled upon. A case of a sensible view was given by Waltz when he saw the spread of atomic weapons.

Alfred Binet and the History of IQ Testing

Alfred Binet and the History of IQ Testing   More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand History First IQ Test Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test Pros and Cons of IQ Testing Wechsler Intelligence Scales WAIS-IV Interest in intelligence dates back thousands of years. But it wasnt until psychologist Alfred Binet was commissioned to identify students who needed educational assistance that the first intelligent quotient (IQ) test was born. Although it has its limitations, and it has many lookalikes that use far less rigorous measurements, Binets IQ test is well-known around the world as a way to compare intelligence. History During the early 1900s, the French government asked  Binet to help decide which students were most  likely to experience difficulty in school. The government had passed laws requiring that all French children attend school, so it was important to find a way to identify children who would need specialized assistance. Binet and his colleague, Theodore Simon, began developing questions that focused on areas not explicitly taught in schools, such as attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Using these questions, Binet determined which ones served as the best predictors of school success. He quickly realized that some children were able to answer more advanced questions that older children were generally able to answer, and vice versa. Based on this observation, Binet suggested the concept of mental age or a measure of intelligence based on the average abilities of children of a certain age group. First IQ Test This first intelligence test, referred to today as the Binet-Simon Scale, became the basis for the intelligence tests still in use today. However, Binet himself did not believe that his psychometric instruments could be used to measure a single, permanent, and inborn level of intelligence. Binet stressed the limitations of the test, suggesting that intelligence is far too broad a concept to quantify with a single number. Instead, he insisted that intelligence is influenced by a number of factors, that it changes over time, and that it can only be compared to children with similar backgrounds. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test When the Binet-Simon Scale was  brought to the United States, it generated considerable interest. Stanford University psychologist Lewis Terman took Binets original test and standardized it using a sample of American participants. This adapted test, first published in 1916, was called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and soon became the standard intelligence test used in the U.S. The Stanford-Binet intelligence test used a single number, known as the intelligence quotient (or IQ), to represent an individuals score on the test. The IQ score was calculated by dividing the test takers mental age by his or her  chronological age and then multiplying this number by 100.?For example, a child with a mental age of 12 and a chronological age of 10 would have an IQ of 120 (12/10 x 100). The Stanford-Binet remains a popular assessment tool today, despite going through a number of revisions over the years since its inception. Pros and Cons of IQ Testing At the outset of World War I, U.S. Army officials were faced with the  task of screening an enormous number of recruits. In 1917, as chair of the Committee on the Psychological Examination of Recruits, psychologist Robert Yerkes developed two tests known as the Army Alpha and Beta tests. The Army Alpha was designed as a written test, while the Army Beta was made up of pictures for recruits who were unable to read or didnt speak English. The tests were administered to over 2 million soldiers in an effort to help the Army determine which men were well-suited to specific positions and leadership roles. At the end of WWI, the tests remained in use in a wide variety of situations outside of the military with individuals of all ages, backgrounds,  and nationalities. For example, IQ tests were used to screen new immigrants as they entered the United States at Ellis Island. The results of these mental tests were unfortunately  used to make sweeping and inaccurate generalizations about entire populations, which led some intelligence experts to exhort Congress to enact immigration restrictions. Wechsler Intelligence Scales Building on the Stanford-Binet test, American psychologist David Wechsler created  a new measurement  instrument. Much like Binet, Wechsler believed that intelligence involved different mental abilities. Dissatisfied with the limitations of the Stanford-Binet, he published his new intelligence test, known as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), in 1955. Wechsler also developed two different tests specifically for use with children: the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). The adult version of the test has been revised since its original publication and is now known as the WAIS-IV. WAIS-IV The WAIS-IV contains 10 subtests along with five  supplemental tests. The test provides scores in four major areas of intelligence: a Verbal Comprehension Scale, a Perceptual Reasoning Scale, a Working Memory Scale, and a Processing Speed Scale. The test also provides two broad scores that can be used as a summary of overall intelligence: a Full-Scale IQ score that combines performance on all four index scores and a General Ability Index based on six subtest scores. Subtest scores on the WAIS-IV can be useful in identifying learning disabilities, such as cases where a low score in some areas combined with a high score in other areas may indicate that the individual has a specific learning difficulty. Rather than scoring the test based on chronological age and mental age, as was the case with the original Stanford-Binet, the WAIS is scored by comparing the test takers score to the scores of others in the same age group. The average score is fixed at 100, with two-thirds of scores lying in the normal range between 85 and 115. This scoring method has become the standard technique in intelligence testing and is also used in the modern revision of the Stanford-Binet test.

Marine Biology Lab Report - 751 Words

2. Temporal variability of alkaline earth metals in seawater: implication for variation in geochemical cycling Ocean plays a key role in geochemical cycling of alkaline earth metals that are directly connected to the global C-cycle. Hence secular variation of elemental and concentrations and isotopic compositions of seawater can reflect major changes in the lithosphere and the atmosphere over geologic time. Consequently, elemental and isotopic composition of marine chemical sediments (e.g., carbonates, oxides and evaporates) have been utilized extensively as geologic archives that potentially record secular variation of ocean chemistry. Long oceanic residence time of metals like Ca, Mg, and Sr makes them potential to record long-term†¦show more content†¦Although, the high temperature basalt-seawater interaction in the mid oceanic ridge axis considered to have no isotope effect on the seawater Mg, the potential of fractionating Mg isotopes during seawater circulating through low temperature ridge flanks is still unexplored. Hydrothermal removal of Mg in the MOR flank can vary between 10-80% of the total Mg removal via seawater-basalt interaction and part of that Mg is incorporated into the CaCO3 precipitated to form calcium carbonate veins (CCV). Given the abundance (1-4 vol%) of CCVs in the upper ocean-ic crust and potential to incorporate significant amount of Mg (~10 times more than biogenic calcites) CCVs can be another potential sink for Mg in the ocean and since carbonates are known to fractionate Mg isotopes CCVs can regulate both concentration and isotopic composition of Mg in seawater. Besides, due to the lack of resolvable sen-sitivity of Mg isotopic fractionation in carbonates to temperature, the CCVs can also record variability in seawater ÃŽ ´26Mg. This motivates me to investigate, the ÃŽ ´26Mg of CCVs from various MOR flanks to evaluate i) their role in controlling oceanic Mg budget and ii) their potential as proxy for seawater ÃŽ ´26Mg. To fulfill the primary objective of this project I plan to 1) obtain CCV samples from various ocean basins. The sample repository of the Ocean Drilling ProgramShow MoreRelatedIdentifying The Genetic Basis Of Microbial Iodate Respiration In Marine Biology Lab Report1083 Words   |  5 PagesIdentifying the Genetic Basis of Microbial Iodate Respiration in Marine Environments Dissimilatory (respiratory) metabolisms provide microbes with energy from the reduction of inorganic oxyanions (e.g., NO3-, ClO3-) via the electron transport chain1. Iodate (IO3-) is an example of a thermodynamically stable oxyanion with oxidizing and bioenergetic properties comparable to those of oxygen. Iodate serves as an alternative terminal electron acceptor in the biotic dissimilatory iodate reduction (DIR)Read MoreMarine Biologist Essay826 Words   |  4 PagesMarine biologists get to go underwater to explore and experience exciting events. They can look and study new fish, or can scuba dive down to the coral reefs. They get trained to look at the different environments under the water along with experimenting different sea creatures. Knowing the ocean and knowing what is inside it is very important for our society because the ocean is what makes up most of the earth and the ocean has a major impact on our weather and climate. The job can be very interestingRead MoreBuilding Of An Aquaculture / Aquaponics Building On Uf Campus1259 Words   |  6 Pagesof Florida has been known for its research efforts across many fields. However, several fields still remain more theoretical than hands on. Aquaculture is one of those fields that could benefit from more lab classes. Across Memorial Street from Lake Alice, next to the Department of Cell Biology is the perfect unused spot for building a 10,000 square foot facility to allow for student education to cover a wider range of aquaponics and aquaculture and allow for research to be performed in a field ofRead MoreApplying A Definition For Science963 Words   |  4 Pagesexposing horrific last meals of lids, nurdles and cigarette lighters, compete for space beside unrecognizable turtles†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dumas 137). All these manmade items are carelessly thrown out so it doesn’t inconvenience its users and instead is threatening the marine wildlife. It is the n she invites her main point into her article by involving humans and the consequences to the actions made. It is woven into the plethora of facts she makes about not only the tragic effects of the wildlife but the overdependenceRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography : Ocean Acidification2349 Words   |  10 Pagesresearching. Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Species Ecosystems. Oceana. 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. http://oceana.org/en/our-work/climate-energy/ocean-acidification/learn-act/effects-of-ocean-acidification-on-marine-species-ecosystems. This article is presented in a formal style of writing. Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Species Ecosystems present the evidence for the devastating impacts of ocean acidification on the marine ecosystems, most importantly their complex food-webRead MoreDinoflagellate Algae5041 Words   |  21 Pagesis mainly due to replication, most marine dinoflagellate species can replicate asexually and sexually, which allows for rapid population growth. The cause of bivalves becoming contaminated are dense aggregations of single cell or several species of dinoflagellate species, that are feeding off of pollution, namely near densely populated coastal areas. The problem of dense algal blooms has increased considerably over the last three decades (Anderson 1995). Reports of toxic blooms went from virtuallyRead MoreMolecular Biology Lab Report Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesMolecular Biology Lab Report Mapping DNA using Restriction Enzymes Ava II and Pvu II to cut Bacterial DNA Abstract The objective of this project is to map bacterial DNA, which is derived from E. coli, using restriction endonucleases with gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragments, after cutting has occurred, are separated using agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragments are placed in the gel, and an electric current is run through the matrix of the gel-like agarose. Migration of the fragmentsRead MoreAn Investigation Into the Effects of Varying Seawater Concentrations on Two Marine Invertebrates’ Osmoregulatory Abilities; Carcinus Maenas and Arenicola Marina.2530 Words   |  11 PagesAn investigation into the effects of varying seawater concentrations on two marine invertebrates’ osmoregulatory abilities; Carcinus maenas and Arenicola marina. Introduction The concentration of solutes in the bodily fluids of most marine invertebrates is roughly isosmotic to their environment (Raven, 2008). Because there is no osmotic gradient there is no tendency for the net diffusion of water away from the animal’s cells to occur. When a change in salinity occurs some organisms have the abilityRead MoreEffects Of The Deepwater Horizon Oil Leak On The Gulf Of Mexico1924 Words   |  8 PagesOn April 20, 2010 The Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded and sunk into the Gulf of Mexico at Macondo MC252. Eleven people were killed as a result. The spill released more than 4 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. According to various reports this was one of the worst ecological disasters in US History next to the Exxon Valdez. As a result of this incident, a plume appeared in the surrounding area. â€Å"This plume was initially identified by elevated levels of methane and light aromatic hydrocarbonsRead MorePreliminary Proposal : Coastal Alask a- Coa Lter5371 Words   |  22 PagesPreliminary Proposal: LTER: Coastal Alaska- CoA LTER Overview The CoA LTER aims to better understand how high-latitude marine ecosystems will be affected by future ocean change, particularly changes associated with glacial discharge and ocean acidification. Kachemak Bay, Alaska, is the ideal high-latitude model system to conduct this research because of its 1) wealth of existing data, 2) existing infrastructure (the Kasitsna Bay Laboratory), 3) high productivity and biological diversity, 4) susceptibility

Titrant Definition Chemistry Glossary

In analytical chemistry, the titrant is a solution of known concentration that is added (titrated) to another solution to determine the concentration of a second chemical species. The titrant may also be called the titrator, the reagent, or the standard solution. In contrast, the analyte, or titrand, is the species of interest during a titration. When a known concentration and volume of titrant is reacted with the analyte, its possible to determine the analyte concentration. How It Works The mole ratio between the reactants and products in a chemical equation is the key to using titration to determine an unknown concentration of a solution. Typically, a flask or beaker containing a precisely known volume of analyte, together with an indicator, is placed under a calibrated burette or pipette. The burette or pipette contains the titrant, which is added dropwise until the indicator shows a color change, indicating the titration endpoint. Color change indicators are tricky, because the color may temporarily change before permanently changing. This introduces some degree of error into the calculation. When the endpoint is reached, the volume of reactant is determined using the equation: Ca CtVtM/Va Where Ca is the analyte concentration (usually given as molarity), Ct is titrant concentration (in the same units), Vt is the volume of titrant required to reach the endpoint (usually in liters), M is the mole ratio between the analyte and reactant from the balanced equation, and Va is the analyte volume (usually in liters).

The Manchurian Candidate Free Essays

Films have always been an outlet for a confused society; with themes of politics, religion, relationship and illness movies are the way the modern world deals with its hardships and examines its own motives and actions.   â€Å"The Manchurian Candidate† is one of the more controversial films in this eye-opening genre, with political themes running strong throughout in such a way as to seemingly point fingers and make strongly opinionated remarks about our current political situation. The 2004 film was remade from an earlier 1962 version, which before taking that format was actually a novel written by Richard Condon in 1959. We will write a custom essay sample on The Manchurian Candidate or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Its political premise was originally based on the Cold War; the book and the original film shied away from the usual opinion that it was Communists who were solely misguided and instead portrayed a world where Communists, Capitalists and everybody in between was faulted ideologically.   The people in Condon’s book existed within a conspiratorial net that saw brainwashed operatives of the Communist Party seeking to take office and exploit their position for monetary gains (Gianos 1998). The 2004 version, by contrast, has been quite clearly adapted for the age of the War on Terror, with Communists replaced by the new perceived enemy, corporate giants, in this case â€Å"Manchurian Global†.   It becomes clear as the movie progresses that the main characters have been brainwashed by Manchurian Global to protect and grow the interests of the corporation. One character, under the direct influence of his power hungry mother, seeks election into office, while the other is representative of an entire section of the military in supporting his campaign.   This latter character, Marco, becomes suspicious of his own actions concerning the vice-presidential candidate, Shaw, when he realizes that he and every other military officer who served with his is using the exact same words to describe their support of the man; basically that he is a wonderful man and an excellent soldier who will make the best vice-president. Marco believes he is suffering from a mental illness, and seeks help from the military doctors who are pledged to offer comprehensive care following service in the army.   They seem willing to help until Marco finally refuses the pills they keep giving him.   He claims they don’t work and that he wants something different, however the doctors won’t do anything for him – in fact they are very concerned about his refusal to accept their treatment.   In the end, Marco pieces together the entire story that he has forgotten: while serving together in the army, he and his companions, including Shaw, were brainwashed by Manchurian Global to support the candidacy of Shaw while Shaw himself was groomed to take the vice-presidency. Through the brainwashing, the corporation expected to gain high level contracts and a huge amount of money and power.   It falls to Marco to expose the plot and explain it to Shaw before he gives the company and all the people connected to the plot exactly what they want.   It is a story of corruption in government and the overall will of those in powerful places to exploit whoever is necessary to stay on top and bring in the cash. The reverberations of this film in current American politics is very strong and very controversial.   Political controversy in film is of course not a new thing; Brian Nerve explains that Hollywood has been a refuge for the suspicious world since its earliest days, and that movies like â€Å"The Manchurian Candidate† are not the product of unsound minds but of a lack of transparency throughout the political world (Nerve 1992). This movie in particular has been built upon that ever-present facet of the American public: the conspiracy theory.   Whether it’s a Presidential assassination or a corporate cover-up, Americans want to know every detail and whether or not there are real conspiracies of this magnitude actually occurring is difficult to tell when questions constantly go unanswered and the imagination takes over.   More than anything, Manchurian Global has a startling likeness to American corporations like Halliburton, who have in recent years been harshly chided for their role in global inequality and exploitation in the name of money. The people in league with Manchurian Global are portrayed as basically heartless, inhuman and scandalous; these elements of scandal can always be found in political films according to Gillespie and Lerner (2000).   The producers were well aware of the parallels they were drawing between their characters and the members of America’s present government, and the audience was generally predisposed to believe the worst of its government before seeing such a shocking story of manipulation played out for them onscreen.   They wonder if they are being brainwashed to accept a fabricated reality, or if they are simply not seeing the whole picture. In its entirety, â€Å"The Manchurian Candidate† has questioned the accuracy of media portrayals of events in such a way as the American public truly wanted to see – however the movie was so undeniably outrageous in its plot details that instead of reinforcing the idea that the government is hiding something from the public all it really did was make the audience question their current beliefs concerning conspiracy. Few people are prepared to believe blatant military brainwashing, and this is the major weak point in the film.   â€Å"The Manchurian Candidate† is a movie that sets itself far apart from mainstream entertainment in its political aspects and ideas.   It has drawn an audience mostly intent on getting angry at the state of government and politics, though unfortunately in the end it falls short.   Instead of solidifying current thought patterns or expanding on them, the film merely sparks doubt in the minds of those most willing to believe its plot.   All in all, â€Å"The Manchurian Candidate† is quite unworthy of the hype. Works Cited Gianos, Phillip. Politics and Politicians in American Film. CT: Praeger Publishers, 1998. Nerve, Brian. Film and Politics in America: A Social Tradition. New York: Routledge, 1992. Schultz, David. It’s Show Time!: Media, Politics, and Popular Culture. New York: Peter Lang, 2000.       How to cite The Manchurian Candidate, Essay examples

Foundations of Management Organizational Internal Communication

Question: Describe about the Foundations of Management for Organizational Internal Communication. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of information in business decision-making. In this era of competitiveness, an organization needs to strengthen their internal and external communication in order to gain superiority in market. Therefore, it is highly important to maintain information flow with the internal and external stakeholders (Shockley-Zalabak 2011). The focus of this paper is to identify three examples of business disaster due to lack of information flow. In order to maintain information flow, it is highly important to understand the need of stakeholders and the frequency with which information needs to be delivered. Inadequate information flow creates dilemma among the stakeholders of an organization. Discussion Information plays a major role in maintaining business sustainability. Inadequate information has a negative impact on the decision-making of a business. For example, Lehman Brothers, a financial service provider firm has declared bankruptcy in 2008 due to lack of information (Lehman.com 2016). Apart from that, Enron Corporation is another example of business disaster due to lack of information. The largest an energy-trading company has declared as bankrupt in 2001 (News.bbc.co.uk 2016). The third example in this case is Woolworths has recently declared a record of annual loss of AUS $2.1 billion (BBC News 2016). The above discussed cased are due to lack of information flow within the stakeholders. Case 1: Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy In this case, the company was unable to maintain the information flow among the stakeholders. The major issue of the company was inadequate information about the mortgage crisis. The company was unable to maintain organizational data, which was highly important in order to take organizational decision. During the final phase, the company has implemented cost-cutting approaches through reducing workforce (van Osch, Steinfield and Balogh 2015). However, the company could have improved communication among the employees in order to recover the critical situation. Here, management theory of Elton Mayo would be the most relevant to discuss the massive failure of the company. According to this theory, employees need motivation in order to achieve their objectives in an efficient manner (Holmberg and Hellsten 2016). On the other hand, financial motivation is not only the motivational tool, which management of an organization can implement. Instead, the company should communicate with the emp loyees in order to motivate the workforce in an efficient manner. In case of Lehman Brothers, the company was already facing difficulties due to inadequate information. On the top of it, the company had implemented cost-cutting strategies by reducing workforce. Therefore, it can be said that the approach of the company was wrong (Cooren 2016). The company would have allowed the employees to share their viewpoint and decisions in order to overcome the situation. Additionally, the company would have shared necessary information with the workforce in order to reduce dilemma among the workforce. Mayos management theory has four combinations with which management can evaluate the workforce. The first dimension consists of employees with low cohesiveness and norms, which makes the workforce ineffective to handle critical situation. The second combination is low cohesiveness and high norms. Here, some employees can perform as per the organizational requirements (Karanges et al. 2015). The third combination is high cohesiveness and low norms. Here, some employees create a negative environment, which prevents others to perform. The fourth combination is high norms and cohesiveness. Here, employees can work collaboratively in order to achieve broad organizational objectives. Lehman Brothers would have understood the nature of workforce in order to improve information flow within the organization. When it comes to the relationship between the managers, the company fails to maintain collaborative management approach. Therefore, it was difficult for the company to understand requirement of the stakeholders. Moreover, managers of an organization should have sufficient control among the workforce (Alvarez, Bauer and Eger 2015). However, in case of Lehman Brothers, managers were unable to maintain sufficient information flow for which control among the workforce was weak. Case 2: Enron Files for Bankruptcy Enron was an energy-trading company, which was formed after the merge up of two gas companies such as Internorth and Houston Natural Gas. Under leadership of the CEO Kenneth Lay, the company had achieved lot of success in the year 2000. In this fiscal year, the company was in the seventh position among 500 US companies. The company had 21000 employees in this year and the annual revenue of the company was $111 billion. However, the companys stock price had dropped from $90.75 to $0.26 (News.bbc.co.uk 2016). Here, the company has misled the employees regarding the financial stability of the company. The company had also misled the investors regarding their financial weaknesses. In case of this company, employees were the shareholders and therefore, it can be said that the company has misled both the investors and employees, which led the company towards failure (Stahl 2016). Apart from that, the company had destroyed organizational documents in order to avoid legal consequences. After reviewing the business case, it can be said that inadequate information flow was the major issue for which the company had declared as bankrupt. In this scenario, Maslow human needs theory would be the most relevant theoretical discussion. According to this theory, management should empower motivation of the workforce through five dimensions. The goal of the management should provide adequate information to the workforce in order to achieve organizational goal. During the crisis period, the company would have communicated with the workforce and investors in an appropriate manner (Botana and Neto 2015). The employees were unable to understand the rationale behind rapid change in business process. When it comes to the employees, they were unable to accept the changes in management structure. Therefore, they were unable to reach to the self-actualization stage of Maslow hierarchy of need. The company would have communicated with the employees regarding the probable issues that the com pany was facing. In this manner, the company would be able to encourage the employees to give valuable recommendation to the company. A good flow of information and communication would allow the company to work collaboratively. Therefore, it can be said that the reason behind Enrons bankruptcy was lack of information flow among the stakeholders. Case 3: Woolworths Disaster Woolworths is the biggest supermarket chain of Australian market, which recorded a loss of AU $1.2 billion. However, in previous year the annual profit of the company was AU$ 2.1 billion. The reason behind this massive fall in sales figure was organizational communication. In this industry, it is highly important to work collaboratively in order to achieve overall organizational goal. In retail industry, employees should have proper information regarding store layout and products as well. In this manner, employees will be able to provide adequate information to the consumers (Shockley-Zalabak 2011). The downfall in annual profit was caused by the low managerial control. Therefore, Fayols principles would be the most effective theoretical framework to discuss the business scenario of Woolworths. In order to handle critical situation, managers of an organization should understand skills and abilities of the employees. According to the first element of Fayols theory, managers should hav e proper understanding regarding the work division. Authority is another element of this theoretical framework through which managers should have adequate command over the workforce. In case of Woolworths, the managers were unable to control the workforce for which they were unable to perform according to the performance benchmark. According to the discipline dimension, employees need a direct supervisor in order to work according to the requirements. In this manner, the company would be able to comply with the organizational policies and procedures, which is highly important for maintaining business sustainability (Holmberg and Hellsten 2016). In order to conduct efficient organizational decision, managers should understand the ability of the workforce. The leaders are solely responsible to allocate job role to the employees. Therefore, employee information is what managers require in order to take the final decision. However, in Woolworths, the managers were unable to understand t he key characteristics of the employees. Another element of this theoretical framework is remuneration (Karanges et al. 2015). In order to empower performance quality of the workforce, organization should provide satisfactory remuneration to the workforce. Apart from delivering information to the workforce, it is highly important to focus on employee motivation. On the other hand, an organization should provide adequate information to the employee in order to influence motivation positively (Cooren 2016). Therefore, it can be said that lack of information to the employees and lack of information regarding the key characteristics about employee performance was two major reasons for sales drop of the company. Conclusion While concluding, it can be said that information flow is the key success factor for organizations. In order to maintain efficient information flow, an organization should focus on the organizational culture. In this paper, three business cases have been evaluated, where the reason behind business disaster is lack of information flow. After conducting the evaluation, it can be said that managers should communicate with the external and internal stakeholders in order to provide adequate organizational information. Reference list Alvarez, W., Bauer, J.C. and Eger, E.K., 2015. (Making a) Difference in the Organizational Communication Undergraduate Course.Management Communication Quarterly, p.0893318915571352 BBC News. 2016. DIY disaster sends Australia's Woolworths to record loss - BBC News. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/37181955 [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016] Botana, L.F.S. and Neto, P.L.D.O.C., 2015. The Development of an Incrementally Evolving Management Model for Small Brazilian Printing Companies based on Maslows Theory of the Hierarchy of Needs.Business and Management Review,4(7), pp.2047-0398 Cooren, F., 2016. 20 Verbal communication in organizational settings.Verbal Communication,3, p.395 Holmberg, K. and Hellsten, I., 2016. Organizational Communication on Twitter: Differences Between Non-Profit and For-Profit Organizations in the Context of Climate Change. InCrossmedia-Kommunikation in kulturbedingten Handlungsrumen(pp. 305-313). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Karanges, E., Johnston, K., Beatson, A. and Lings, I., 2015. The influence of internal communication on employee engagement: A pilot study.Public Relations Review,41(1), pp.129-131 Lapointe, L. and Beaudry, A., 2016. The Role of Organizational Internal Communication on Individuals' Reactions to New Information Lehman.com. 2016. Lehman Brothers. Available from: https://www.lehman.com/ [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016] News.bbc.co.uk. 2016. BBC NEWS | Business | Enron scandal at-a-glance. Available from: https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1780075.stm [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016] Shockley-Zalabak, P., 2011.Fundamentals of organizational communication. Allyn Bacon Stahl, C., 2016.Innovation Management: A Shifting Paradigm to Innovation Management Styles, Culture, and Strategies(Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri--Kansas City) van Osch, W., Steinfield, C.W. and Balogh, B.A., 2015, January. Enterprise social media: Challenges and opportunities for organizational communication and collaboration. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 763-772). IEEE